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FHYA using Frans and Hester Roodt's materials
[Source - Chloe Rushovich for FHYA, 2020, using materials provided by Hester and Frans Roodt: Illustrations and other material drawn by Hester Roodt (nee Lewis) and collected by Hester and Frans Roodt relating to Frans's archeological activity at the uMgungundlovu archaeological site.]
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Published
[Source - Chloe Rushovich for FHYA, 2020, using materials provided by Hester and Frans Roodt: File contains illustrations and other material drawn by Hester Roodt (nee Lewis) and collected by Hester and Frans Roodt relating to Frans's archeological activity at the uMgungundlovu archaeological site.]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: Frans Roodt directed Hester Roodt (nee Lewis) to do this landscape drawing in 1989. The image is an early attempt to compose a perspective drawing of uMgungundlovu. It is based on an aerial photo, taken at about a 30-degree angle from a light aircraft flying over the site, providing a view from north to south. The size is based on the archaeological site plan.The hills in the background are realistic. The internal layout was further based on the sketch by James Stuart (published in Stuart, J & McMalcolm, D. (Eds) 1969. The diary of Henry Fancis Fynn. Pietermaritzburg. Shuter and Shooter).
In retrospect, the hut numbers are probably over exaggerated. The total hut numbers range from:
- 1100 huts according to Captain Allen Gardiner (Gardiner, AF. 1966. Narrative of a
Journey to the Zulu Country in South Africa. Cape Town. C. Struik);
- 1700 huts according to Piet Retief during his first visit to Mgungundlovu in 1837 (The
Grahamstown Journal: 1837.12.28:3); and
- 2500 huts were estimated by Joseph Kirkman, interpreter assigned to the Reverend
George Champion while at Mgungundlovu.
(Also see Lawton, J. 1959. Plan of Dingaan’s hut groups and reconstruction of
Dingaan’s hut, Dingaan’s Kraal. Unpublished report to the National Monuments
Council.)]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: Frans Roodt directed Hester Roodt (nee Lewis) to do this drawing in 1992. The image was an attempt to compose a perspective drawing of uMgungundlovu based on the archaeological site plan of 1992. The landscape is based on an aerial photo of about a 45-degree angle, photographed from a light aircraft flying over the site from south to north. The hills in the background are realistic.
After finding and excavating an extraordinary large hut on the western side (right hand side) of the isigodlo in 1992, which fitted the descriptions of King Dingane’s hut by three contemporary visitors to uMgungundlovu (Retief, Owen and Champion), the standard narrative about the layout of uMgungundlovu was assessed more critically. This hut did not fit the well-known drawing and description of the King’s hut by Gardiner (1835), nor the placement of it on the eastern (left hand side) of the isigodlo in all the reconstructions such as James Stuart’s and others. A leading clue was Gardiner’s sketch depicting a “distant race course” effect. Read together with the account that the town was being rebuilt, but still incomplete (as depicted in his sketch). In a footnote he mentions that huts were moved to the open space shown on his sketch (Gardiner, AF. 1966. Narrative of a Journey to the Zulu Country in South Africa. Cape Town. C. Struik).
After discovering the hut mentioned above, Frans did a reconstruction of the isigodlo area, which is depicted in this landscape drawing prepared by Hester to place the King’s hut in it correct position as opposed to previous reconstructions. This prompted Frans to publish the article: Roodt, F. 1992. Koning Dingaan se woonhut by Mgungundlovu. South African Journal for Ethnology 15 (4). Frans argued and recognised the fact that uMgungundlovu had been enlarged in 1835, that a new hut has been built for the King (which was the one described by Retief, Owen and Champion), and used the archaeological finds to reconstruct the layout of the black isigodlo, the King’s hut and upper cattle kraal. This meant that the earlier depictions of uMgungundlovu, such as James Stuart’s, on which all others were constructed (Lawton, Chadwick, etc.), reflected uMgungundlovu prior to 1835. Major differences were the enlarged ikhanda, the King’s rebuilt hut, and there was now only a single homestead behind the settlement, namely the uBheje, versus three as previously reported.]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: This illustration was drawn by Hester Roodt (nee Lewis) for Frans Roodt's 1993 master's dissertation "‘n Rekonstruksie van geelkoperbewerking by Mgungundlovu" at the University of Pretoria. It is the same object that was drawn and published by John Parkington and Mike Cronin, which was excavated in one of the grain pits. The object should be housed at the KwaZulu-Natal Museum or may be located at Ondini. See; Parkington , J & Cronin, M. 1979. The size and Layout of Mgungundlovu: 1829-1838. Goodwin Series 3:133-148. Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society. (Fig 16, p 147).]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: Image redrawn from Parkington, J & Cronin, M. 1979. The size and Layout of Mgungundlovu: 1829-1838. Goodwin Series 3:133-148. Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society. (Fig 6, p 137).]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: Same floors as 187 & 188 under point 2 above drawn after re-excavation some 12 years later. This illustration was drawn in 1991 for the research article: Roodt, F. 1992. Evidence for girls’ initiation rites in the Bheje umuzi at uMgungundlovu. South African Journal for Ethnology 15 (1, p 13). Y7/i7 refers to the grid system; Y7 = major grid number and i7 = minor grid number.]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: This drawing shows all the features on the uMgungundlovu site as surveyed in 1987-88. It is based on the grid system which Frans Roodt applied on site. This particular illustration shows the major grid consisting of 50m X 50m squares. It is important to note that the grid was extended southwards from line A to add lines X and Y. The grid system was explained in a manual that should be at AMAFA, but was also discussed in Roodr's 1993 dissertation.]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: This drawing shows all the features on the uMgungundlovu site as surveyed in 1987-88 from a southward orientation. This drawing lacks the full grid system which is displayed in uMgungundlovu Site Plan 001, but shows the same features. The text on this drawing is in Afrikaans.]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: On the left is the site plan of from John Parkington and Mike Cronin's 1979 publication. The north arrow is orientated toward magnetic north. On the right is a more extensive version of uMgungundlovu Site Plan 001, which includes the Retief monument. The plan is orientated toward true north. The scales are different.]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: This illustrates and explains the grid system. GROOTRUITNETSTELSEL = MAJOR GRID SYSTEM. These are 50m X 50m squares with an alphabetically horizontal leg in capital letters and a numerical vertical leg. Major grid squares C4 and D7 are highlighted.]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: This illustrates and explains the grid system. KLEINRUITNETSTELSEL = MINOR GRID SYSTEM. The drawing illustrates, for example, major square/block C4 (50m X 50m), which is divided into 5m X 5m squares. These squares are numbered alphabetically along the horizontal leg in small letters and numerically along the vertical leg. Minor square C4b2 is highlighted.]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: This drawing illustrates the baulk system of excavation. KONTROLEBALKSTELSEL = BAULK SYSTEM. The baulk is 25cm wide within each 5m X 5m square, which amounts to 50cm between two adjacent squares.]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: This was a template used to pre-print the actual graph paper for field drawings on site in A3 size. The small grid on the bottom right represents the minor grid system within a major grid square. B blok (square/block) represents a group of four minor squares within a strip or band (strook in Afrikaans), numbered from 1 – 5. Every strip/band consists of 20 minor squares grouped in 4’s. The X marked on the bottom right grid represents the following on the grid system - B-Block no. 3; Strip no. e. Location on the grid would be: D4e5 & e6; D4 f5 & f6.]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: These drawings were done according to the template shown in uMgungundlovu Excavation Squares 001. These were done for Frans Roodt in 1993.]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: These drawings were done according to the template shown in uMgungundlovu Excavation Squares 001. These were done for Frans Roodt in 1993.]
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Attributions and conjectures
[Source - Frans Roodt for FHYA, 2020: These drawings were done according to the template shown in uMgungundlovu Excavation Squares 001. These were done for Frans Roodt in 1993.]
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